did people wear sandals in jesus time? did people wear sandals in jesus time?

There is some evidence to suggest that Jesus may have worn sandals with straps that went around his ankles. Hopefully in a hurry to where your peaceful feet will take you in His Name?He may take you near and far through many trials but you are shod with His Gospel of Peace wherever you go. This would make sense, as gowns were commonly worn by religious leaders of the time. The belt (also called a cincture or girdle) was a band of fabric, cord, or leather that could be loosened or tightened. June 21, 2022. They are usually made of leather or other natural materials and feature a simple design with an open toe and heel. The Western world was shocked when an Iraqi journalist, Muntazer al-Zaidi, threw his shoes at President George Bush while he was having a press conference in Iraq on December 14, 2008. What were clothes made of in biblical times? He obtained his means of livelihood in a disgraceful and importunate way by begging or receiving donations. Jesus did not wear white, however. Cinema Specialist > Blog > Uncategorized > did people wear sandals in jesus time? It was simply meant to prompt people to All Jewish people wore sandals, which were either crafted with wood or camel hide. In his blog post, What Did Jesus Sandals Look Like?, Dr. James Tabor takes a look at the sandals that Jesus would have worn during his time on earth. Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.. We can be old, young, tall, short, weighty, thin, dark-skinned, light-skinned, frizzy-haired, straight-haired, and so on, but our appearance does not begin and end with our physical bodies. Marys Perpetual Virginity & Jesus Brothers, Why Pollen on the Shroud of Turin Proves it is Real, Christian Inscriptions in Roman Catacombs, Eruption Of Mt. A good pair of leather sandals were a very desirable item and people loved their sandals. In the Bible ( Matthew 3:11; Mark 1:7, 6:9; John 1:27 ), we learn that Jesus wore sandals. He was preaching: Someone stronger than I am is coming after me, thelaceof whosesandalsI am not worthy to stoop down and untie. Whether someone is a life-long follower of Jesus or just curious about Christianity's beliefs, followers, history, and practices, Christianity FAQ aims to offer trustworthy information that is easy to understand. The Baptist in comparing himself to Jesus before the crowd of people said: I am not worthy compared to the Messiah who is more powerful than I. The Bible first mentions womens jewelry when Abraham s servants salute earrings and bracelets to Rebecca ( Genesis : 24:22 ). He also wore a single piece undergarment, and apparently four other items of clothing: When the soldiers crucified Jesus, they took his clothes, dividing them into four shares, one for Jesus Sandals While Romans did wear laced shoes and boots of all kinds, not plenty of them are found in Israel. There were many reasons why Jesus was portrayed in what has become the worldwide standard, and none of them were to do with preserving historical accuracy. Jews did not wear sandals indoors ; they removed them upon entering the theater and washed their feet . Later, all of Gods people had to travel by foot to Jerusalem 3 times a year and Jesus disciples traveled the all over the ancient world to proclaim the good news of God's kingdom, so well made leather sandals were very important. Once weve got the palette for his colouring right, given he was a Jewish man of the Middle East, how do we dress him? Joan Taylor receives funding from the Leverhulme Trust but not for this research. Because ancient Rome was warmer than the oldest shoes found in northern Europe, they primarily wore what we wear in the summer, sandals. Wealthy people wore tunics that extended to their ankles. The Jesus we've inherited from centuries of Christian art is not accurate, but it is a powerful brand. jewish men had tassels ( called tzitzit ) attached to the corners of their mantles, reminding them of the changeless presence of the Lord mho commandments. The sandals, shoes and boots available to the Greeks can still be seen in the many monuments that remain. Yes, the shoes of Jesus are miraculous; but you must believe in Him and all His teachings if Judeans wore simple, unnailed sandals of cow leather. It was made of linen, cotton, or sometimes gentle wool. T/F, 4. They may feel a bit stiff at first, but they will eventually mould to your feet. The question of shoes also arises in Jewish burials. Stephen and Pepin first met at Ponthion in 754 on January 6, Epiphany, a feast day that commemorates the Magi presenting gifts to the Christ child. The Gospels mention other clothing that Jesus wore temporarily for reasons like his age or preparation for burial. Sandals in this passage are representative of filth/contamination and John says about his own ministry, as the Forerunner of Jesus/the-long-ago-predicted-Messiah, I am lower than a common house slave compared to Jesus. In Psalm 60:8 David the Warrior has assurance from God that he will triumph over his enemies: Moab is My washbowl; Over Edom I shall throw My shoe; Shout loud, O Philistia, because of Me! So in that part of the Middle East, the thrown shoe has been a symbol of degradation and repudiation for over 3,000 years. Even in the time of Jesus (c.6-4 BC -c. 30 AD) sandals/shoes symbolized "lowly, shameful:" John the Baptist (c. 6-4 BC-c. 29/30 AD), a relative of Jesus, was very popular as a speaker and "baptizer with water for the remission of sins" prophet in Jesus' time. It consisted of a square or oblong strip of fabric with a hole for the head. The Bible does not say explicitly whether or not Jesus wore sandals, but it is generally assumed that he did. audi steering system fault you can continue driving; does chilis hold your first paycheck; st louis county mn jail roster; jordan harrelson age; Junio 4, 2022. This is, after all, how he's been pictured for centuries, in paintings that also show him as a light-skinned man with long hair and a beard (probably wrong). As a professor, he has taught Bible and theology courses at two Christian universities. It is possible that Jesus sandals were made in this way so that he could comfortably walk long distances. But there are incidental details. did people wear sandals in jesus time? Swaddling clothes were wrapped around newborns like a bandage. Jesus' legs and ankles would be bare. In Jesus' time, women wore tunics that ended at the ankles, while men generally wore tunics that ended at the knees, according to the BBC, though wealthy men might also wear long tunics. The appearance of Jesus matters because it cuts to the heart of his message. The Ipuwer PapyrusWere The 10 Biblical Plagues Real? did people wear sandals in jesus time?anthon berg chocolate liqueurs 26 pieces. Jesus sandals, also known as Jesus shoes, are a type of footwear that is designed to resemble the sandals that were worn by Jesus Christ. Where does the Bible say that Jesus wore a tunic, sandals, and other pieces of clothing? Some manufacturers cut corners. All the widows stood beside him weeping and showing, Exodus 3:5, Then he said, Do not come near; take your, Luke 15:22, But the father said to his servants, Bring quickly the best robe, and put it on him, and put a ring on his hand, and, Job 38:9, when I made clouds its garment and thick darkness its, Lamentations 2:22, Thou hast called as in a solemn day my terrors round about, so that in the day of the Lords anger none escaped nor remained: those that I have, Ezekiel 16:4, And as for your birth, on the day you were born your cord was not cut, nor were you washed with water to cleanse you, nor rubbed with salt, nor wrapped in. other sources speak of the head covering being distinctive for both men and women and describe it as a duration of fabric around the shoulders that could be pulled over the head and tied at the frontal bone, falling over the shoulders. One theory is that Jesus sandals were actually quite small. Other Bible verses that mention sandals include: The Gospels describe that Jesus wore certain clothes at different times in his life. Jesus sandals (ASIN: B07QSH5QM8), also known as huaraches, are a type of sandal originating from Mexico. There is no record of what Jesus sandals looked like, but we can make some educated guesses. Most events in the Old and New Testament take place in ancient Israel, and thus most Biblical clothing is ancient Hebrew clothing. Also see How Old Was Mary When She Gave Birth To Jesus? While Romans did wear laced shoes and boots of all kinds, not plenty of them are found in Israel. Second, be prepared to break in your sandals. (A, B, AB, O?). The father brought the best robe and put a ring on his hand. In fact, Im not even worthy to untie His sandals, to even be the slave who unties His sandals. *Please keep PostGuard selected as it provides a fast resolution to lost, stolen, and damaged orders. Jesus aligned himself with the poor and this would have been obvious from how he looked. [2], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}501223N 62533E / 50.20639N 6.42583E / 50.20639; 6.42583, "Jesus sandals" redirects here. Bible Study Resource Over many centuries the Jews, and the early Christians as well, borrowed fashion from all the peoples around them. Most bracelets were one solid piece and were slipped over the wrist ; more rarely two pieces were fastened together and were afford and closed at a hinge . Less frequently they might have nose jewels and/or wear a necklace . Col. 1:20). Sandals in Biblical Times There are no surviving artefacts or descriptions of Jewish shoes from the period of the early Bible (Nahshon 2008 p2). To dress formally in Jesus' world, a man would wear a knee- length tunic, a chiton, and a woman would wear an ankle-length . The construction signified that the person was cook for service ; it is largely equivalent to the modern expression, roll up your sleeves. One-piece tunics in first-century Judaea were normally thin undergarments or childrens wear. unit 25 colorado elk vietnam war deaths by country did people wear sandals in jesus time? This garment was seamless, woven in one piece from top to bottom. did people wear sandals in jesus time?how to keep cna license active in illinois. And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God. The average height for a man was around 55, so Jesus sandals would have been proportionate to the rest of his body. Some people are interested to know his skin color, hairstyle, and his physical features. T/F, 5. The sandals are the remains of an ornate fabric shoe (slipper) allegedly given to the Abbey by Pepin the Short in the Carolingian period (7th to 9th centuries). Tabor argues that Jesus sandals were likely made of leather and were fastened with straps that went around the foot and up the ankle. People wore both an inner garment and an out garment, each with a like determine . A veil also covered a womans face when she ventured away from her home. John answered them all, I baptize you with water. Several references to sandals can be found in the Bible as well as the Tanakh, which indicates that it was customary for early Israelites and Christians to wear sandals. In the interests of information sharing, this foot columnist traces the history of the common sandal from antiquity. wgem news shooting in quincy. N.B. Did Jesus wear sandals? We imagine Jesus in long robes with baggy sleeves, as he is most often depicted in artworks over the centuries. Our sandals are made in a traditional way completely by natural leather sources locally, dipped in vegetable stain with a polyurethane sole molded to the leather upper sole. Without modern transportation the most common way to travel was by walking. Straps fastened a sandal to a person's foot. How Did Jesus Spend the Last Week of His Life? Legal Name of Business: Panda Power Pte. A man wearing only this inner dress was said to be naked ( for example, 1 Samuel 19:24, Isaiah 20:24 ). Your sight in this hour is through the eyes of Jesus if you have on the miraculous shoes. In the New Testament, Christ is described as wearing Judaean sandals. Wednesday, November 16, 2022 Sandals in Biblical Times ( biblical sandals Image via dreamtime.com) There are no surviving artefacts or descriptions of Jewish shoes from the period of the early Bible (Nahshon 2008 p2). Its use prevented the flow overcharge ( frequently farseeing ) from interfering with movement. Blue tassels were included on the garment to comply with Jewish law. From the Bible ( Mark 6:56) we learn that Jesus wore a mantle, or large shawl with edges or tassels. And so while Jesus wore similar clothes to other Jewish men in many respects, his look was scruffy. A bag or purse was frequently attached to the belt, fastened with a heave . I doubt his hair was particularly long as depicted in most artwork, given male norms of the time, but it was surely not well-tended. It was worn as a protective cover ; people did not go out in populace without some kind of forbidden tunic. We pride ourselves on using only the finest leather that molds to the insoles and then customize to your feet. ), the mountain of God. Finally he said to him: Put your outer garment on, and keep following me.(Acts 12:8), While I kept guiding you for 40 years in the wilderness, your garments did not wear out on you and yoursandalsdid not wear out on your feet (Deuteronomy 29:5). Also see Did Jesus Christ Smoke Marijuana? But it is certainly an interesting question to ponder! Whether youre dressing them up or down, they are sure to add a touch of personality to your outfit. Roman sandals consisted of a leather sole attached to the foot with interlacing thongs. That one will baptize you with holy spirit and with fire. But one who is more powerful than I will come, the straps of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie. Wearing a basic tunic that other people wore as an undergarment would fit with Jesus detachment regarding material things (Matthew 6:19-21, 2829; Luke 6:34-35, 12:22-28) John 19:23. did people wear sandals in jesus time?is chris herren still married. Celsus did his homework. Christian Soldiers in the Ancient Roman Army, Destruction of Jerusalem, c. 586 BCEyewitness Account, Assassination of Julius CaesarAncient Accounts, Claudia ActeNeros Mistress, Secret Christian, Emperor Tiberius & The Resurrection Of Jesus, Plinys Letter To Trajan About Christians, Ancient TechnologyThe Antikythera Mechanism, The Lycurgus CupNanotechnology in Ancient Rome, Monte TestaccioAncient Romes Garbage Dump, Metal Detector FindRoman Coins & Lost Emperor of Britain, Stirring of Water in the Pool of Bethesda. What we do with our bodies creates an appearance. It was worn around the inner and/or out garment. By Joan Taylor. Some anklets were fashioned therefore as to create a tinkling, musical sound when the woman walked . Improve this answer. It's possible, as Nazareth's average January temperature is 11.5 with a minimum of 7.8 (that's 52.7 F and 46 F for our insular American chums) which can be a bit nippy on the tootsies. Moses! And Moses said, Here I am. Do not come any closer, God said. Christian missionaries have taught people in Papua, New Guinea who had many gods before their conversion to recite the Hebrew Shema announcing only ONE GOD. Leather sandals, or Jesus sandals, are known for their minimalistic elegance, comfort, and durability.The practice of wearing sandals can be traced back to Biblical times. John the Baptist mentions that Jesus had sandals when he declared his unworthiness in relation to him (Mark 1:7; cf. Jesus sent out 70 Disciples to preach His Good News. to learn more. Because the out tunic was large and streamlined, it was normally drawn in with a knock. In addition, the Bible does mention that Jesus was barefoot on at least one occasion (Luke 8:27). Today the Bride must wear the shoes of Jesus. If youre interested in trying out a pair of Jesus sandals, there are a few things to keep in mind. are dogs allowed at lake moomaw? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The sole was sometimes plaited of some vegetable fibre, or cut from a fresh undressed skin; and the "shoelatchet . did people wear sandals in jesus time?does checkers use peanut oil did people wear sandals in jesus time? Man is always naked before God no matter what he is wearing or what sandals/shoes cover his feet. Over the following four centuries, Trier won the power struggle against Prm and, by 1524, had become the major pilgrimage destination. Other verses describe the Christianity FAQ exists to help people understand the Christian faith. Jesus sandals are a great choice for anyone looking for a comfortable, stylish shoe. In his telling of Jesus birth, Luke mentions that as a baby Mary and Joseph wrapped him in swaddling clothes. Judeans wore simple, unnailed sandals of cow leather. This is because sandals were the most common type of footwear in the Middle East during the time of Jesus. July 3, 2022 July 3, 2022. In terms of the basics, men and women dressed much alike. Blue tassels were included on the garment to comply with Jewish law. Slaves Were Lifeless Tools in the Ancient World, Meaning of Names, Places & Things in the Bible, Gardens and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, The Roman Phalanx & Hannibals Pincer Movement. Some manufacturers cut corners. Jesus sandals have been around for centuries, and they are still a popular choice for many people today. Mark 6:9. , but shod with sandals. , says Matthew, reconcilable either by distinguishing between sandals and shoes ( vide on Matthew), or by understanding before (Victor Ant. In contemporary films, from Zefirellis Jesus of Nazareth (1977) onwards, this styling prevails, even when Jesus clothing is considered poorly made. demond wilson interview. The veil There is debate as to how far-flung the tire of the veil was for jewish women in Jesus day. Jeremiah besides observed, Can a maid forget her ornaments ? It would seem that jewish women in Roman Judea ( i.e., the confederacy, around Jerusalem, Jericho, and Bethlehem ) wore hairnets, examples of which have been discovered at sites such as Masada . 1. - But be shod with sandals. A man with long hair parted in the middle and a long beard often with fair skin, light brown hair and blue eyes has become the widely accepted likeness. This is based on the fact that most people in Jesus time were relatively short. The earliest of these garments were made without sleeves and reached only to the knees ; late the garment much extended to the wrists and ankles. Taylor notes that a mantle Roman Sandals There were also house sandals or soleae to wear when Roman citizens were dressed in tunica Judeans wore simple, unnailed sandals of cow leather. While Romans did wear laced shoes and boots of all kinds, not plenty of them are found in Israel. According to preserved sandals from that time, found in caves near the Dead Sea (via The Conversation), he likely wore extremely simple leather footwear, similar to today's flip-flops. The sandals are the remains of an ornate fabric shoe (slipper) allegedly given to the Abbey by Pepin the Short in the Carolingian period (7th to 9th centuries). (Pics) Ready Sleek, What To Wear For Senior Guy Pictures | Central PA Senior Photos. Rings were worn not lone on the fingers, but besides on the toes. They were donated to Prm Abbey by Pope Zachary (741752) and Pope Stephen II (752757). Others are interested to know what kind of clothes he wore. However he is depicted in film and art today, he needs to be shown as one of the have-nots; his teaching can only be truly understood from this perspective. A lot of people ask this question because they want to know about his skin, hair, eyes, height, weight, and even the clothes he wore. Should anybody holding a copyright claim to any of these materials object to their presence here, please post a comment, and I will promptly remove the download link. In the New Testament, Christ is described as wearing Judaean sandals. [1], The possession of important relics was a means of sustaining church influence and status. The blood of Jesus is mentioned several times in the New Testament. Possibly Jesus wore three types of garments (four if we include sandals) as was the Judaean Culture practicing in his day. When he was a baby, he wore swaddling clothes, as explained in Luke 2:7. The only time women displayed their hair in public was on their wedding day. First, we will look at how the sandals were used by the Roman soldiers in battle. Here for You! The source of Biblical sandals is ancient. How beautiful your feet are in yoursandals (Song of Solomon 7:1), I then clothed you with an embroidered garment and gave you fineleathersandalsand wrapped you in fine linen, and I clothed you with costly garments. (Ezekiel 16:10). From our research of that time sandals were essential for living. Over the past few decades, the question of what Jesus looked like has cropped up again and again. The main dress worn by Jewish men and women during the first century was the tunic, with a womans tunic made longer than a mans. Wearing the miracle shoes, Jesus could tread devils underfoot and destroy the powers of Lucifer. can single soldiers live off base; brian welch daughter natalie; average cost of incarceration per inmate 2020 texas; augustana college scholarships Also see Did Jesus Have A Tattoo? If you close your eyes and try to picture Jesus, chances are he's wearing a simple (possibly white) ankle-length robe, tied at the waist, and sandals. From the Bible (for example, Mark 6:56) you can discover that he wore a mantle a large shawl (himation in Greek) which had tassels, described as edges; a distinctively Jewish tallith in a form it was in antiquity. As the sociologist Chris Shilling argues, they are both personal resources and social symbols that give off messages about identity. This is based on the fact that many ancient sandals were made quite large in order to accommodate the feet of the wearer. I have a question for you, footalk: The internet describes Apeliotes, Greek god of the south east wind, as "often depicted wearing gumboots and carrying fruit." When he was crucified, John 19:23 explains that he wore an undergarment called a tunic. His winnowing fork is in his hand to clear his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his barn, but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. And with many other words John exhorted the people and proclaimed the good news to them. Luke 3:15-18. 5. A man with long hair parted in the middle and a long beard - often with fair skin, light. rockville rockwedge manual. Community in Mission. Usually made of wool, a mantle could be large or small, thick or fine, coloured or natural, but for men there was a preference for undyed types. There is no record in the Bible of what kind of footwear Jesus wore, so we can only speculate. In any case you should see these selections as for evaluation purpose only and you're asked to delete the music 24 hours after storing it in your computer or external device. The Israelites walked 40 years in the desert. What did shoes mean in the time of Jesus? Read more: Model Ashley Graham weighs in on the body acceptance movement Zendesk. Of all the Jewish customs involving shoes, the most unusual and fascinating is that of the laws of halitzah. While most jewish men and women wear farseeing ( ankle-length ) tunics, short ( knee-length ) tunics were worn by slaves, soldiers, and those engaging in make that required mobility . did people wear sandals in jesus time? the last house on needless street spoiler. They were simple in design and function, and would have been comfortable for walking long distances. It is a fashion statement meant to convey: This is who I am.. The Gospel of Mark says a woman touches the tassels of Jesus's himation to be healed by him. From the perspective of respectable people, we can surmise then that Jesus looked relatively rough. did people wear sandals in jesus time? Jesus instructed his disciples to not have two tunics: Also see What Personality Type Was Jesus? 1. People walked for days, months and even years. And as we did with the belt of truth and breastplate of righteousness, we will consider the sandals in three ways. The proscenium was normally attached to the belt out and covered the lower half of the soundbox . For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. It's a good bet, then, that Jesus kept his robes short and simple. He walked in sandals, as implied in multiple Biblical passages (see Matthew 3:11; Mark 1:7, 6:9; John 1:27), and we now know what ancient Judaean sandals were like as they have been preserved in dry caves by the Dead Sea. Perhaps it is unsurprising, then, that Jesus was remembered as looking shabby by a scholar named Celsus, writing in the mid second century, in a treatise against the Christians. From Jews and others he questioned, he heard that Jesus wandered about most shamefully in the sight of all. Jesus Sandals. Reminders of such sandals were found at Masada and the Cave of Letters. fire emblem: radiant dawn stat boosting items From Bible research, ancient art and artifacts found in archeological digs we discovered that the ancient sandals were made from flat sole of leather, wood or other fibrous material strapped to the foot by laces usually made from natural leather thongs passing between the big toe and second toe, around the heel and over the top of the foot. Clothes in the late Bronze and early Iron Ages (1300-930 BC) Not having a vision of the Rapture in our day means youre not wearing the shoes of Jesus at all times. When I looked at old photos from rural Palestine I saw that many farmers walked . Called the Seamless robe of Jesus, it was seen as more significant than the sandals. The body of the deceased may be wearing shoes, but only if the shoes are made of linen or cotton. Luke 3:16). I just baptize you with water but He will baptize you with the Holly Spirit and with fire. Some of the Assyrians wear fillets on their hair, flat sandals and long, short-sleeved robes with fringes at the bottom, tied with a tasselled sash. They had wooden soles and were fastened with straps of leather. That's why he tells the Apostles in Matthew 10 not to take an extra pair of sandals when they go on mission around the villages. 4. VesuviusAugust 24, 79 AD. One had to be naked, so to speak, before God. Yes, the shoes of Jesus are miraculous; but you must believe in Him and all His teachings if This is quite consistent with what St. Matthew says (Matthew 10:9), that they were not to provide themselves with shoes ( ). What Color of Eyes Did Jesus Christ Have? In a crowd, we may look for a friends scarf rather than their hair or nose. You are invited to download the music and, if you like it, you are strongly encouraged to buy the CD. Committee Member - MNF Research Advisory Committee, PhD Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship. In the Book of Mark, Jesus is recorded as criticizing those men who wear longer styles of dress: "Beware of the scribes, who desire to walk in long robes [stolai], and to have salutations in the marketplaces, and have the most important seats in the synagogues and the places of honor at banquets." It is a one-piece leather-hide shoe, the oldest piece of leather footwear in the world known to contemporary researchers. The Testimonium Flavianum Question (My Two Cents), The Bible is Accurate Manuscript Evidence, Sayings From the Bible in the 21st Century, Colors & Dyes For Clothing in Ancient Rome, Thanksgiving: First Foods, First Friends1620, Ancient Ossuaries Uncover Biblical Truths. Wherefore take unto you the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand. John 1:27. He now summoned the Twelve and started sending them out two by two, and he gave them authority over the unclean spirits. He interviewed people, and he like us was quite interested in what Jesus looked like. In these verses the holiness of God is channeled through Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground. One could not approach the fire of God shod with sandals and all the contamination their soles represent. So Moses thought, I will go over and see this strange sightwhy the bush does not burn up. When the Lord saw that he had gone over to look, God called to him from within the bush, Moses! Each Jew wore three primary garments at the time. Jesus sandals have become a popular choice for many people who want to add a bit of spirituality to their wardrobe, and they are also a popular choice for those who are looking for a comfortable and stylish shoe to wear. The sandals therefore protected the soles of the feet, and yet, being open above, kept the feet more cool, and therefore fit for the journey.